The for loops control the brightness level of the LED, gradually increasing and decreasing it over time to create a fade-in and fade-out effect. Overall, this code creates a smooth LED fading effect using PWM and the analogWrite() function. This loop is essentially the opposite of the first loop, with the LED gradually fading out instead of fading in. This loop starts with a brightness level of 255 and gradually decreases the brightness level by 1 for each iteration of the loop, down to a minimum value of 0. Once the first for loop is complete, the second for loop begins. The delay() function is then used to pause the program for 10 milliseconds before moving on to the next iteration of the loop. ![]() For each iteration of the loop, the analogWrite() function is used to apply PWM to the LED on the LED_PIN pin, with the current brightness level passed as an argument. The first for loop starts with a brightness level of 0 and gradually increases the brightness level by 1 for each iteration of the loop, up to a maximum value of 255. In this code, the loop() function contains two for loops that control the brightness of the LED. The loop() function is another special function in the Arduino programming language that is called repeatedly after the setup() function has completed. This function tells the Arduino board that the specified pin will be used to control an output device, in this case, an LED. In this code, the setup() function configures the LED pin (LED_PIN) as an output using the pinMode() function. The setup() function is a special function in the Arduino programming language that is called once when the board is first powered on or reset. PWM is a technique used to control the brightness of the LED by varying the amount of time the LED is on versus off in a given time period. This line defines the frequency at which the pulse width modulation (PWM) will be applied to the LED. The second line declares another constant integer variable named PWM_FREQ and assigns the value 500 to it. This line defines the pin number on the Arduino board that will be used to control the LED. The first line of the code declares a constant integer variable named LED_PIN and assigns the value 10 to it.
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